Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Nikita Kothari. A short summary of this paper. Urbanization is seen as the way to modernize by the transfer of population from the rural to urban centers.
United Nations defines Urbanization as movement of people from rural to urban areas. The onset of urbanization is closely related with industrial revolution and associated economic development.
Urban areas serve as engines of economic growth which is marked majorly by Industrialization. Growth of industries and service sectors has contributed to the growth of cities.
As a result, people have started moving towards these urban areas in search of employment and better livelihood. Over the span of nine decades since , the world population raised from 2 billion to 6 billion, but the urban population increased more rapidly from 2. The four urban agglomerations UAs , namely, Calcutta, Madras, Bombay and Karachi presently in Pakistan served as centers for generating economic surplus prior to independence.
The rural-urban interactions were gradually replaced by intra-national and international export-import commodity flow. Movement of population became necessary to sustain the new urban centers.
Eg: In 88, the first municipal corporation in India was set up at Madras. In , Municipal Corporation was set up in Bombay and Calcutta. With independence of the country in , the political as well as the economic structure underwent some changes. Urbanization since independence has been focused through five year plans. First two plans focused on institution and organization building and same was instructed to the states to do. Eg: Delhi development Authority, Town and country planning organization came during this period.
Third plan emphasized on importance of towns and cities in balanced regional development, need for urban land regulation and checking of urban land prices. In fourth plan , regional studies in respect of metropolitan regions around Delhi, Mumbai and Calcutta were initiated. The sixth five year plan introduced a scheme of Integrated development of Small and Medium towns IDSMT for boosting employment generation for diverting migration from big cities to the small and medium towns.
During the seventh plan, institutional developments for urban development and planning were done. During eighth plan, the Mega city scheme was introduced in covering five mega cities of Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai, Bangalore and Hyderabad.
The ninth plan emphasized on decentralization and financial autonomy of urban local bodies. The tenth plan recognized the fact that urbanization played a key role in accelerating the economic growth in s and s as a result of the economic liberalization and also stressed on strengthening the urban local bodies.
The eleventh plan introduced some innovative changes through capacity building, increasing the efficiency and productivity of the cities and using technology as a tool for rapid urbanization.
The Urban frame in India In Census of India, two types of town were identified: i Statutory towns: All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or nagar panchayat, etc. Eg: Madai Jabalpur District Urban Agglomeration UA : a continuous urban spread constituting a town and its adjoining outgrowths OGs , or two or more physically contiguous towns together with or without outgrowths of such towns.
Out Growths OG : a unit such as a village or a hamlet or an enumeration block made up of such village or hamlet and clearly identifiable in terms of its boundaries and location. Examples: railway colony, university campus, military camps, etc. Current Trends in India Urbanization in India reflects an index of transformation from traditional rural economies to modern industrial one. At the moment, India is among the countries of low level of urbanization.
As per census report, out of the crore Indians, Over the years there has been continuous concentration of population in Class I towns i. Industrialization: Industrialization has expanded the employment opportunities.
In rural sector, people depend mainly on agriculture for their livelihood. But Indian agriculture is seasonal. In drought situations or natural calamities, rural people move to cities. Thus, rural people have migrated to cities on account of better employment opportunities.
Social factors: Many social factors such as attraction of cities, better standard of living, better educational facilities, need for status also induce people to migrate to cities. Urban areas are characterized by sophisticated technology better infrastructure, communication, medical facilities, etc. People feel that they can lead a comfortable life in cities and migrate to cities.
Employment opportunities in urban centers. Transport and communication facilities. Educational facilities. Increase in the standard of living. Negative effects i. It has resulted in accommodation problem, growth of squatters. Eg: Dharavi in Mumbai. Cost of living High cost of living is a major problem of cities. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF.
Luz Valente-Pereira. A short summary of this paper. Download Download PDF. Translate PDF. Neither does it become urban just because architects design blocks of buildings and the outdoors space between. The urban space must be a pre-existence with respect to building projects, which shall successively interpret and carry it out. In this paper we develop an approach to the relation between the town concept and its physical expression, as well as the form characteristics that will be established in urban plans.
This urban development process may lead to a careful formalisation of urban space in the building area, creating a vacuum in the borders between buildings abandoning continuous and subsequent spaces during multiple interventions, having been designed by the different designers.
When considering that the aim of the architectural project - not architecture as a subject - transcends the formal interpretation of the buildings and encompasses at the time the urban definition of that area, plus its implications in collective experience and interventions on that urban territory throughout time, this shall reduce the town into the urban area in the design phase, thus rendering physical planning devoid of any concept, among others - where this shall only be asserted on a political and social and economic level with no spatial expression beyond the indication of areas for use, density, and height, as well as a road system establishing a relation between the different areas, with well-known consequences for the town concept within the zones -, and architecture becomes impaired with no possibility of including the most profound and solid base of its formal creation on an urban scale, not just for the building or building area.
On a planning level, the town is thought of and designed as a circulation system separating or connecting micro-urban islands language itself translates this - they are the housing developments These observations only prove the need to explore urban planning with the subject matter of architecture, which exceeds building designs. Neither is it urban just because architects design building areas. The urban space design must be a pre-existence with respect to building projects, which shall successively interpret and carry it out.
The terms of this pre-existence must be established as well as its form and expression. These means should provide designers with information on the intended town concept and should be sufficiently general as to be interpreted by different architectural projects. This issue concerns a new architectural dimension, which fits into the planning stage and its solution requires that the urban space be an architectural object rather than the result of a project juxtaposition regarding buildings designed as monuments within a space that, although it shapes the town, only complements the buildings, devoid of collective meaning, not continuing beyond that established.
The physical expression of the relation between places within the town, which influence a dynamic diversity, should be addressed with an expression that is implied in the decided town concept and deprived of all the elements that comprise the personal expression of each place.
The need to clarify and inform this new architectural object to be worked on during the planning stage - much praised yet conceptual and methodologically unknown in architecture - requires an analysis of the different levels expressed by the architecture and reorganisation of professional practices. Next we will outline a few proposals as to open discussion on the formal elements defining the relation between town concepts and their physical expression, as well as the established and discussed characteristics in urban plans, which should be the starting point for the multiple architectural projects to be implemented in the planned town 1.
These are then the elements to be analysed by themselves, between themselves, and in their relation with other urban elements. The analysed categories in these outdoors meeting spaces are those of paved and non-paved green areas spaces, as well as public and private spaces. Buildings T he buildings are characterised according to their typological definition and forms of association regarding their relation with outdoors spaces and the way buildings access the outdoors space.
The safeguarding of cultural values within the landscape is already open for discussion based on the compatibility of said values with the transformation expected in the urbanisation and the fact that the original contents are usually drained with the new conditions. The establishment of management for green spaces is very important for the plan to be carried out, as well as recommendations regarding species to be used based on the landscape.
Outdoors Space Morphology A s we said, considering its morphologic definition, the outdoors space shall be analysed based on two categories in terms of use, which have serious implications on its form, therefore we must consider: Circulation space and Outdoors Meeting Space. Outdoors Meeting Space and Urban Settlement Morphology T he outdoors meeting space morphology sets the pace for internal use of the settlement in spatial terms - alternations and continuities between circulation and outdoors meeting spaces.
The outdoors meeting space is not profitable, since its construction and maintenance are considerably expensive. The tendency is then to exhaust urban tissue in circulation spaces and buildings.
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